Meera Nanda, an Indian microbiologist now living in the United States, is extremely angry at a very great number of apparently quite different things: "Hindu nationalism," "Vedic science," "postmodern critiques of science," "eco-feminism," "agrarian populism," "India's new social movements," "the Hindu left," and "the Hindu right." Fortunately for her, but tragically for India, they all coalesce into a single negative force stunting and distorting the country's intellectual life and turning it toward "reactionary modernism." Carried forward by a band of Counter-Enlightenment intellectuals, both indigenous "neo-Gandhian" mystagogues and foreign "post-Kuhnian" relativists, they have led India away from the search for universal values, substituting faith for reason, ideology for science, backward-looking cultural defensiveness for forward-looking self-critique.

Nanda's book, which was published in 2003, was written when Hindutva, "Hinduness," was riding high in Indiaóits political arm, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) forming the government (it fell in 2004)óand when the combination of attacks on the Ayodhya mosque and the development of the Indian bomb shook society. Nanda's scorn for this complex of traditional caste-bound Hinduism, violent communalism, and high-tech militarism "that displays all the marks of fascism" is profound and eloquently expressed: "These events mark a fork in the road. For most of the 55 years of independence . . . India has tried to combine . . . secular-liberal cultural modernity . . . with technological modernization. With the Rama temple agitation and the building of the bomb, India is making the classic choice of all reactionary modernists: Modern technology without the ideal of modernity, 'Vedic sciences' without the ethos of science . . . bombs with dharma."

When it comes to explaining this fatal turn, however, and suggesting how it might be countered, she is much less persuasive. Seeing it wholly in terms of bad ideas and misled intellectuals (and tying together vastly different idea systems, within India and without, into one enormous destructive whole), Nanda leaves the social roots of these developments unremarked. In the end, there is just a celebration of modern science as mentally liberating and a plea to Indians to straighten up and think right. But matters are more complicated than that.